What does "scalding" refer to in plumbing systems?

Scalding refers specifically to the risk associated with hot water temperatures that can lead to severe burns. In plumbing systems, maintaining water at safe temperatures is crucial. When hot water systems reach excessive temperatures, typically above 49°C (120°F), there is a significant risk of scald injuries, especially in the case of vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. Water at these temperatures can cause burns in just a matter of seconds.

Therefore, understanding the importance of controlling hot water temperatures is essential for ensuring safety in plumbing systems. This includes the implementation of regulations and practices that protect users from scalding risks while still providing adequate and comfortable hot water supply. The other options relate to different plumbing issues, such as discomfort from cold water, freezing in pipes, or low water pressure, but they are not associated with the phenomenon of scalding, which is specifically about the dangers posed by hot water.